Substance-Related Disorders Essay examples - 795 Words

The Substance-Related Disorders category of the DSM-IV-TR, is subdivided into two groups: the Substance Use Disorders (Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence) and the Substance-Induced Disorders (Substance Intoxication, Substance Withdrawal, Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia, Substance-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Substance-Induced Delirium, Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Substance-Induced Mood Disorder, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, and Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder) (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text rev., 2000). When a person is diagnosed with Substance Dependence, they can be given specifiers such†¦show more content†¦Hence, a psychologist should determine what substances the person is using and then appropriately diagnose each substance with each level of use. Psychologists should not only differentiate between diagnoses within the Substance-Related Disorders category, but they should also distinguish between other disorders in the DSM-IV-TR. For example, Alcohol Disorders should be carefully discriminated from Sedative, Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Withdrawal (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Amphetamine disorders need to be distinguished from Schizophrenia which also includes delusions. Furthermore, Caffeine Disorders should be discriminated from Anxiety Disorders, Sleep Disorders, Manic Episodes and Panic Disorder. Moreover, Cannabis Disorders are discriminated from Dysthymic Disorder, which can also foster a lack of motivation in people. Additionally, people have various reactions to using cannabis; hence, Cannabis Disorders should be differentiated from Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type. The use of cocaine can also produce changes in a person’s mood; therefore, Cocaine Disorders should be differentiated from Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Bipolar and other Mood Disorders as well as Schizophrenia, Paranoid TypeShow MoreRelatedSubstance Related Disorders846 Words   |  4 PagesSustance Related Disorders Why do people take substances? People abuse substances for many different reasons. Some people take substances because of peer pressure and think that they might be immune, others do it because they are stressed and need something to keep them away from their problems. Some people, specially teenagers take them just for a thrill or curiosity. The truth is, for whatever the reason people start taking substances, the outcome will be that the userRead MoreRelated With Substance Use Disorders1724 Words   |  7 PagesFourth and most interesting case, related with substance use disorders. DSM-5 perfectly explains it â€Å"In terms of a mal-adaptive pattern of behaviors that are related to the continued use of drugs, in spite of the fact that their use creates a set of significant problems for the person† (Oltmanns Emery, 2015, p263). Background Information In this case study our subject Mark, was born in a small town where the main source of income was the local power plant. His mother worked at a department storeRead MoreDifferent Types Of Special Needs Essay2282 Words   |  10 Pagesbehavioral disorder. In fact, the number one health problem concerning children in America are MEB disorders; due to the rising rate of such disorders, it is important that we work to help these children overcome daily challenges and feel accepted in society. The most commonly treated disorders are those called â€Å"Disruptive Behavior Disorders.† These disorders can be broken down into a few types which include: Anxiety disorders, Disruptive behavioral disorders, Dissociative disorders, EmotionalRead MoreSt. John s Wort Essay11098 Words   |  45 Pagesall its excessive stimulation, takes a toll on our bodies and minds. When we can t escape from it, many of us resort to harmful addictions or medications to help us through. In the last couple of decades, though, certain natural (plant-derived) substances have begun to garner reputations for helping to give people an overall feeling of well being. St John s Wort is one notable example of an herb used to treat depression. Another, which is more commonly associated with combating anxiety and easingRead More Eating Disorders And Substance Abuse Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesEating Disorders And Substance Abuse Common Eating Disorders: The two most common eating disorders are bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Both disorders, primarily affect young women, therefore the majority of the research on eating disorders has been done with women subjects. The onset of bulimia is between adolescence and early adulthood while the onset of anorexia is between early and late adolescence. Not only is the onset different but the disorders are unique. Bulimia nervosa isRead MoreThe Cost Of Substance Abuse In Canada Case Study966 Words   |  4 PagesThe cost of substance abuse in Canada is astronomical. According to the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA), in 2002 alcohol accounted for about $14.6 billion and illegal drugs for about $8.2 billion in social cost (Single, Robertson, Rehm, Xie, 2002). This cost was measured in terms of the burden on health care and law enforcement, and productivity in the workplace or home. Arguably, the greatest cost may be immeasurable: human suffering and tragic loss of lives. This suff ering is not limitedRead MoreThe Growing Percentage Of Males And Females With Substance Use Disorder1656 Words   |  7 PagesSuffering with Substance Use Disorder Jerrelda Drummer Sanders SOWK 751 Dr. D. Freeman December 4, Fall Semester 2015 Southern University at New Orleans Males and Females Suffering with Substance Use Disorder 2. About 24 million Americans over age 12 (or 9% of the population) have used an illegal drug (mostly marijuana) or abused a medication in the past month, (APA 2013). A drug is (1) any substance that affects theRead MoreMechanisms Addiction Reviews The Strong Relationship Between Bipolar And Substance Use Disorders1280 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between bipolar and substance-use disorder Mechanisms and treatment implications Bipolar disorder and substance-use disorders commonly occur in the same individual. In fact, bipolar disorder has a higher prevalence of substance-use disorders than any other psychiatric illness. Individuals with both disorders have a more severe course of bipolar disorder, including earlier onset, more frequent episodes, and more complications, including anxiety- and stress-related disorders, aggressive behavior,Read MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa951 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are a sickness that can come from psychological issues and it can disrupt the everyday diet. â€Å"A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amounts of food, but at some point, the urge to eat less or more spiraled out of control.† The common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is when someone see’s themselves as an overweight person, so they watch what they eat since, they have a fear of bec oming overweightRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa974 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders, are a sickness that can come from psychological issues and it can disrupt the everyday diet. â€Å"A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amounts of food, but at some point, the urge to eat less or more spiraled out of control† (â€Å"Eating Disorder,† n.d.). The common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is when someone see’s themselves as an overweight person, so they watch what they eat since, they have

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Journey

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship and Innovation Journey. Answer: Introduction Indeed, time waits for no man. It feels like yesterday when I first set my feet inside entrepreneurship and innovation classroom. On the first day of the class, our class teacher Melissa introduced herself and led a session aimed at helping us interact and know each other since we all did different course. The first two weeks were rather low key but gears shifted from the third week. Practical learning activities started and where conducted in groups. Each group had a task to complete and different topics were discussed and analyzed every week. We used case studies of businesses to gain a deeper understanding of different topics that we were learning. In all these activities and assignments, the course coordinator and the class teacher were very supportive and always availed themselves to assist us whenever we faced difficulties. Therefore, we explored the subject with increased interest and confidence because we knew our teachers wanted us to exploit our potential. As we explored ou r talents, we also networked. In my group, we identified an entrepreneur who we considered doing well and approached him to mentor us. His advice was inspiring and of great value to us. During my first class, I was uncertain of what to expect and did not fully understand what entrepreneurship was all about. To my surprise, I discovered that entrepreneurship is not as complicated. Creativity is an essential part of entrepreneurship yet many business people are afraid of the term. According to (Chinta) entrepreneurship is characterized by creativity, which leads to innovation. There can never be Innovation without creativity. To gain market shares a firm must be innovative and willing to invest in creativity (Iwu, 2010).The learning process was enjoyable when working in a group rather than working individually. This way we shared ideas and realized that our different abilities and skills made group activities easier to handle. This wonderful program has given me both positive and negative experiences. Nevertheless, I have gained a lot of skills and knowledge and my perception of entrepreneurship and innovation has changed for the better Working in groups was of great help to me. At first, I was skeptic about group work but it turned out that for this module learning was best achieved when issues were discussed. In order to come to conclusion of any topic, ideas had to be exchanged, analyzed critically and a decision made. This could only be possible if the heads involved are more than one. According to Payne, Monk-Turner, Smith Sumter (2006), engaging students with content that is difficult to understand, thought provoking and with many interpretations amount to proper use of group work. These group activities seemed to help many other students since the topics we discussed were difficult. Therefore, the discussions broadened our thinking and problem solving capacity. Because of the group work, my public speaking skills improved as well as leadership skills. Learning new concepts has also been fun in a group. For example, the five forces analysis model that was completely new to me became fun and easy to understand when we discussed it with my group members. In this group it became easy identify an entrepreneur who would mentor us because we shared information about contacts that we had who we thought had unique and innovative businesses. According to Drumm (2006) overall college success, student learning and retention have been linked to positive group experiences. This was my case as working in a group for this module helped me learn and understand entrepreneurial concepts. I can attribute this to being a member of a group that was motivated and focused on making use of the opportunity to learn. As members of the group, we had agreed on helping one another whenever faced with challenges. The unity of the group helped us stand together when faced with difficulties and look for solutions as a team. Group work strengthens skills that are useful to the group as well as individual members (Gillies Khan, 2009). Therefore, group as well as individual accountability was improved which is essential in entrepreneurship and innovation. The fact that I was expected to participate actively as a group member; my communication skills took a turn for the better. I can know deliver messages to a large group of people with greater confidence. Am still a little panicky but the situation is much better than before. My work related networking skills have also improved as my group members taught me the importance of having a strong network of professionals. I can say that in my group, we have helped each other improve on our weak points and we are working s a team to maximize our strong points. This experience has made me consider business partnership in future, as I feel such a business can work well if the partners have similar interest. Unfortunately, group work has not been successful for all my classmates. I can attribute to lack of cooperation among group members as well as lack of commitment to making the group work well. To conclude, I can say that experience of group work was a good one and I would not trade it for anything. The only thing I would change about this group is to convert the group from class group to business partners since am convinced we would work so well. Through this experience, I discovered that I needed to work on my communication skills as in the beginning I was afraid to contribute. I would do this repeatedly and hope that even after this module our group will continue to exist and work together to better ourselves. To improve on my communication skills fully, I intend to enroll to communication skills training classes to learn how to communicate in different scenarios. I will also take part in public speaking and debating events and competitions at the college to boost my confidence when addressing a gathering. I will also regularly meet with the business mentor we identified as a group to get lessons on how to start a business Conclusion Critical reflection is an important tool that has helped me flash back on activities that happened since the first day of this module to this moment. Through this, I have discovered that group work worked the best for my learning. I have learnt of areas that I need to work on to improve my chances as an entrepreneur as well as my strengths. Through this reflection, I have realized that I would prefer to venture into entrepreneurship with partners. References Chinta, R. . Management entreprenuership. The ignatian mentoring program, 115. Iwu, C. G. (2010). Impact of product development and innovation on market share. African Journal of Business Management, 4(13), 2659. Payne, B. K., Monk-Turner, E., Smith, D., Sumter, M. (2006). Improving group work: Voices of students. Education, 126(3), 441. Drumm, K. (2006). The essential power of group work. Social Work with Groups, 29(2-3), 17-31. Gillies, R. M., Khan, A. (2009). Promoting reasoned argumentation, problem?solving andlearning during small?group work. Cambridge Journal of Education, 39(1), 7-27.

101 Solution Examples and Structure Professor Ramos Blog

101 Solution Examples and Structure Creating Structure Quick Write What is Academic Writing? The article â€Å"What is Academic Writing?† is a brief introduction to the writing you will be expected to do in college. The article begins by addressing common myths about what academic writing is.  Which ones have you heard before?  Think of one or two more myths, or ideas of writing, that you have heard before. Myth #1: The â€Å"Paint by Numbers† myth Myth #2: Writers only start writing when they have everything figured out Myth #3: Perfect first drafts Myth #4: Some got it; I don’t- the genius fallacy Myth #5: Good grammar is good writing Myth #6: The Five Paragraph Essay Myth #7: Never use â€Å"I† Irvin quotes a study by Lee Ann Carroll about the writing students do in college: What are usually called ‘writing assignments’ in college might more accurately be called ‘literacy tasks’ (7). What do you think she means here? In a short paragraph, write what you think the author is saying. Knowledge of Research Skills The Ability to Read Complex Texts The Understanding of Key Disciplinary Concepts Strategies for Synthesizing, Analyzing, and Responding Critically to New Information Academic Writing Is an Argument To start, let’s focus on argument. What does it mean to present an â€Å"argument† in college writing? Rather than a shouting match between two disagreeing sides, argument instead means a carefully arranged and supported presentation of a viewpoint. Its purpose is not so much to win the argument as to earn your audience’s consideration (and even approval) of your perspective. Characteristics of Academic Writing Clear evidence in writing that the writer(s) have been persistent, open-minded, and disciplined in study. (5) The dominance of reason over emotions or sensual perception. (5) An imagined reader who is coolly rational, reading for information, and intending to formulate a reasoned response. (7) Your professor wants to see these three things in your writing Solution Argument Examples One example of a solution argument essay that we have previously discussed in this class is â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story† by Chimamanda Adichie. To quote a  CNN article on the Danger of a Single Story: Nigerian author Chimamanda Adichie believes in the power of stories, and warns that hearing only one about a people or nation leads to ignorance. She says the truth is revealed by many tales. She illustrates this with a story about coming to the United States, as a middle-class daughter of a professor and an administrator, and meeting her college roommate. Adichie says that her roommate’s â€Å"default position toward me, as an African, was a kind of patronizing, well-meaning, pity. My roommate had a single story of Africa. A single story of catastrophe.† Adichie also tells how growing up in Nigeria reading only American and English children’s books made her deaf to her authentic voice. As a child, she wrote about such things as blue-eyed white children eating apples, thinking brown skin and mangos had no place in literature. That changed as she discovered African writers, particularly the Nigerian Chinua Achebe. This is a great quote that highlights some of the moves we need to do in our article. It summarizes her topic, problem she is addressing, and solution; including examples she uses. Topic:  Many people do not realize that they are getting only one story. A single story is incomplete and she says dangerous. Problem:  Having a single story about an issue or group of people leads to stereotypes and incomplete information. Solution:  To look for multiple stories of whatever issue or topic you are hearing. She recommends we get our news and stories from multiple perspectives. Reasons and evidence:  She gives examples from her personal life to highlight that she has a personal connection. Background:  She gives background information, citing quotes and examples that place her issue in a historical context. She also uses current examples to place the issue in a contemporary context. Audience Who do you think her audience is? What do they value? Does she address those values? Sample Essays Clicking Originality Away: Social Media’s Effect On Young Female’s Self Esteem Papers Please! The Illegal Immigration Problem Creating Structure Structure is very important to making an argument. It needs to be deliberate and well organized. You cannot come across as being all over the place. An argument needs order in order for the audience to follow along. Here is one possible outline to use to build your paper: Position (thesis) Background Reason with evidence Reason with evidence Reason with evidence Reason with evidence Counterargument with refutation Conclusion with so what question addressing audience

Halloween Essay Essay Example

Halloween Essay Essay Example Halloween Essay Paper Halloween Essay Paper It has been more than two months since I came to US. Though the main reason I came here is to pursing higher education, I still have to adapt the life here. I can’t deny that I have some culture shocks because the culture background here is quite different. Differences include eating habits, living condition, and the theme of my topic, festival. Today is Oct 31th, it’s Halloween in most of western countries. Before came to US, I barely know this festival. The only impression in my mind is that this is kind of a festival which celebrating ghost. After arrived, saw so much pumpkins and ghost puppies and costumes on the streets, I realized how much important it is to western people. All of these arouse my strong curiosity about Halloween. It’s lucky to watch this ‘Halloween’ video in ELP class. It really helps me to have a better understanding of this strange festival. Now I understand that Halloween is a contraction for All-Hallows-Eve, which means all of ghosts this night come out. The symbols of this festival include ‘trick of treat’, costume party, watching horror movie and parade etc. To be honest, I don’t have a good feeling about ‘trick or treat’, because my friend, who lives in US for five year told me that nobody knows what kind of crazy things those freaking kids will do. Last year, those naughty kids throw rocks to my friend’s house and some windows are broken. Scared about this, I decide to park my new pre-owned car in school and wish nothing happens. : In my dictionary, Americans are party animals. They just love having parties. On contrary, Chinese do not have parties every often. For Americans, Halloween is a good time to have party. Several days before Halloween, I walked through streets in Manhattan, saw a lot of party invitation advertisement and some advertisers who dressed up even show up to scare you and invited you to their parties. I just can feel this party atmosphere around the whole country. As a foreigner, I am still not prepared to attend a costume party and I think I will just go on streets with my friends to see the parades. Considering that I am a graduate student majoring in finance, I think I have to write some economic aspects toward Halloween. I did some researches and found that Halloween is a good day to do business. It is estimated people spent $2 billion in candy, $300 million in pet costume [1] in Halloween and the trend is likely to expand in the future.

Aviation Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aviation Legislation - Essay Example The board also has a responsibility of making sure there is advanced engineering technology in the aviation industry. Moreover, the board is entitled to maintain a peaceful aviation industry that is adequate to cope with all the requirements of war (Lawrence, 2008). The other significant importance of the Moral Board is making sure that the aircraft manufacturing industry runs and operates in the recommended way. The board manages to enact this obligation by undertaking most of the government policies related to manufacturing and maintenance of aircrafts. The board is also entitled to make sure that there are essential needs and equipments to assist in maintaining security all over the country. The other major obligation of the Morrow Board is to make investigations on various matters that hinder or cause poor performance in the aviation industry especially in both navy and army departments. The board is also entitled to make various recommendations that ought to be considered after weighing various opinions from different stakeholders in the aviation industry (Lawrence, 2008). The American government passed the Railway Labor Act back in 1926 but later made various amendments on the law (Lawrence, 2008). The significance importance of the act in relation to the airline industry is that it deals with various labor related issues. Moreover, the act also deals with various labor issues related to the railroad industries. The act protects the rights of employees in the airline industry. It manages to accomplish this obligation by providing a peaceful environment in disposition of disputes between carriers and their employees. The act also manages to impose a duty on both carriers and employees in order to put reasonable efforts while trying to maintain collective bargaining agreements. The duty helps to settle disputes between the two bodies by providing various resolution

Product Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Life Cycle - Essay Example growth stage where the product sales begin to grow and a lot of advertising happens at this stage, in this stage new innovations can be introduced in the market to gain an edge over other rivals and to increase the market share of the product. The third phase is the maturity stage where the growth in sales declines, the income at this phase if relatively stable, how this stage is handled is vital to the success of the business and the last stage in the life cycle is the decline phase where sales begin to decline (Giordano, Mathieu & Villeneuve, 2010).. Each of the four phases have different impact on the brand, in the introduction stage, promotion of the product will improve its acceptability in the market and in the growth stage advertisement of the product creates awareness of the product therefore increasing the sales. In the maturity stage, differentiating the product from other brands will ensure sustainable and consistent sales while in the decline stage, the price of a product will be a key factor in determining whether it stays in the market or is pushed out of the market and firms should aim at cutting costs (Richter,

Displaced Person and Host Country Essay Example for Free

Displaced Person and Host Country Essay Canada is amongst many countries known as a refugee-friendly country. From the early 20th century, during the World Wars to other world crises, these countries have opened their doors to people fleeing their home countries for reasons of poverty, persecution and violence. However, the host countries that receive refugees claim to be taxed or stressed because of misperception that refugees are a drain on the social system. Consequently, the refugees lose their own home of origin while at the same time; do not entirely fit in to the host country. The purpose of this paper will be to highlight some of the difficult coping issues that refugees have upon being forced to leave their country of origin. First, the term ‘refugee’ will be described and explained. Second, the major issues of adjustment for refugees will be discussed. Third, some of the overall support services will be described. Finally, the paper will offer an alternate perspective on improving services for refugees around the world. Review of Literature Background of Topic Definition. Refugees are people who arrive to a host country because they are facing persecution based on a membership in a particular racial, ethnic, political or religious group. People in need of protection are those who are facing a threat, torture or other form of violence in their homeland. People who seek for refuge are entitled to stay in the host country, look for employment, and receive social benefits until the government determines their claim for refugee status. For example, Canada, as a host country has an international reputation with a benevolent immigration laws, and it offers a great protection to refugees. Canada has, to some extent, been created by immigration. Therefore, it has a solid practice of allowing protection to those who meet the definition of refugee. This tradition is linked to humanitarianism, which is a value that Canadians as individuals, are willing to honor by upholding the country’s commitment to provide asylum to those fleeing persecution. ( Perrin Dunn, 2007) Statistics. It is estimated that more that 25 million people are forced to flee their home country due to persecution and threats (Partida, 1996). An estimated of 7. 6 million people were newly displaced on 2012 due to conflict or persecution, including 1. 1 million new refugees, the highest number of new arrivals in one year since 1999. Another 6. 5 million people were newly displaced within the borders of their countries. Twenty three- thousand persons per day leave their homes and seek protection in other places around the world (Newbold, 2012). Why people seek refugee status. Many people around the world are seeking for refuge due to the destruction of their homeland; the global warming and the rising of the sea levels are leaving people with no food and potable water. The weather conditions are menacing the current habitability of the country. Many of these countries depend on the farming and fishing in order for people to survive. Therefore, they need to flee their homeland and ask for refuge in other countries (Moberg, 2009). Also, many of the displaced people are forced to leave because of human right violations and threats. Many others have endured traumatic experiences, such as the genocide of 1994 in Rwanda. Another example is Sudan, where the conflict between North and South Sudan is caused by racial, religion, cultural and political differences that have exploited the civilians. Moreover, refuges have experienced torture including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, depravations, burns and even witnessing the death of their loved ones (Amnesty International, 1990). Specific Impact Issues Coping. Resettlement is a chance for refugees to reconstruct their lives due to the past experiences of violence, persecution and the loss of family and home in their former home country. There are, however, major objections in the process of coping in a new country and a new culture. Refugees struggle to adapt into a new life style, language, and new education because it is different from their own culture (Pittaway Shteir, 2009). Also, refugees experience prejudice and discrimination by the host community and this may discourage them from seeking and receiving services from the host country. In fact, many of them feel the rejection and the lack of acceptance, leaving the refugees with the feeling of not belonging (Korcija-Hercigonja Rijavec, 1998). Stress. Many refugees have been exposed to major stressors due to the trauma in their former homeland leaving them with a lot of stress and prone to more severe mental health problems (Teodorescu, Heir, Hauff, Wentzel-Larsen, Lien). Moreover, refugees experience economic difficulties after they have been granted refugee status. For example, 55% of refugees were still dependent on social assistance to some extent eight years after their arrival. There is also evidence of an interaction between posttraumatic and acculturative stress, that is, refugees with a history of trauma can be expected to have more difficulties in the course of acculturation than those without a history of trauma (Hammarstedt, 2009). Homelessness. The experience of homelessness in refugees does not start in the host country. Most of the refugees have being homeless in their country of origin, and that is the major reason they flee their homeland (Association for Services to Torture and Trauma Survivors Inc. , 2008). Less than 10% of refugee people successfully access public housing in the first 18 months of resettlement, and housing options are frequently inappropriate for the culture of a refugee person. Also, the market rent is not affordable for the refugees and the waiting list for subsidies housing are very long and the only options are shelters. Shelter usage is not only at the arrival to the host country but may be an indicator of housing problem among the refugees (Sherrell, D’Addario Hiebert). Poverty. Refugees face poverty in ways that are similar to other marginalized groups in a host society. These include: low income, problems with access to services, lack of access to well-paid employment and challenging attitudes to those living on a low income (Mulvey, 2009). However, refugees have additional problems such as: lower levels of benefits than the general population, do not pay rent, and are dependent on the provision of housing and energy costs through social assistance. This period is a particularly vulnerable time for new refugees because they have to make the transition from complete dependency to the responsibility of negotiating the complex housing, health benefits system, and paying for energy costs. Restrictions on employment for refugee claimants are seen as contributing to the risk of poverty (Mulvey, 2009). Major Services Approaches Psychotherapy. Many refugees are victims of war-related and past experiences leaving them with a post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy is the interactive process between a person or group and a qualified mental health professional, and its purpose is the exploration of thoughts, feelings and behavior for the purpose of problem solving or achieving higher levels of functioning (Cinfuegos Monelli, 1983). Loving- Kindness Treatment. Is a Buddhism practice, and it is defined as being aware of the present and performing Loving- Kindness everywhere you go. This is a treatment that is used to reduce stress due to post-traumatic experiences. The treatment emphasizes in emotion techniques such as mindfulness. This practice is use to regulate emotions, and decrease anger. The practice of Loving- Kindness is a key skill that better equips refugees to adjust to a new social, and cultural environment (Hoffman Sawyer, 2012). Community Services. Focuses on providing care for the basic needs for refugees as newcomers in the host country. For example, community services might include ESL programs (English as a Second Language), which help to reduce the language barrier in their host society. Another is government social assistance, which will help to empower refugees to become independent and prepares them for the skills needed for the workforce (Bakewell, 2003). Implication of Services Critique of Services Benefits of Psychotherapy. Refugees who seek psychotherapy will obtain better results because it helps them to identify the key issues and emotional triggers that prevent or blocks their mental state in order for them to cope in their new environment. It will also facilitate the process in order for them to become more mentally stable to continue their adjustment into the host country. Therefore, they can succeed in their learning development and workforce skills that will help them establish themselves, emotionally and mentally, as human beings in their community. As a consequence, they will achieve higher levels of living and functioning in their homes, as a family unit, as well as with individuals among their surroundings. Drawbacks of Psychotherapy. The issue with psychotherapy treatment is that refugees might not be open nor disclose enough from their past experiences, due to their traumatic mental damage in their former homeland. On the other end, the therapists may lack knowledge about what the refugees have gone through in their past, which could slow down or worsen the healing process, that might result in a wrong diagnosis. Moreover, it can lead the refugees to be dependable on the treatment and unable to handle his or her challenges. The refuges may see the therapists as a hero and therefore fall into a dual relationship and as an outcome, a failed treatment. Improvement of Psychotherapy. Refugees have a significantly major mental health problem. Therefore, the host country should be able to provide an effective mental health intervention, which includes the use of bilingual and culture-educated staff and training in disorders associated with the immigrant experience, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD). If the therapist is well trained and speaks the language of the refugee, this will help the client to communicate better, therefore the treatment will be more accurate and effective. Benefits of Loving-Kindness Treatment. There are many benefits of the Loving-Kindness treatment. One of them is it reduces stress due to past experiences. It helps the refugees to focus on the present and be able to forget traumatic memories. It facilitates them to cope into their new environment and be able to socialize in their surroundings. It also brings peace of mind in order for them to function as normal civilians. Drawbacks of Loving-Kindness Treatment. One of the main drawbacks of this treatment is that it may seem as a religion and not all refugees would be open to receive it, therefore the treatment would not be effective for all cultures, only for those who believe in the treatment. Another problem is that in the moment of the treatment, it can bring bad memories, anxiety, and anger episodes because the refugees have to address their past experiences in order for them to focus on the present. In addition, the treatment is a short-term relief but a long-term process because the refugees must continue until it has become a pattern behavior. Improvements of Loving-Kindness Treatment. It is very important for the improvement of the Loving-Kindness treatment to incorporate other culturally accepted techniques and methods into the healing process that will be more accepted among refugees around the world. By including other methods of treatment, the process will be faster and effective. Benefits of Community Service. The community service that the host country offers to the refugees helps them to adjust effortlessly into their environment by empowering them to adapt rapidly into the new culture. In addition, it will facilitate the refugees to establish themselves and socialize into the community. For example, language-learning programs will help them to learn the language of the host country in order to be able to have better paying jobs, better education, and an easier adaption. At the same time, community service programs help refugees to learn how to finally have stability, because many of them have never experienced peace of mind in their homes and in their lives. Another benefit is that these services will help the refugee to cope and to some extent erase the traumatic memories by creating new ones and changing their pattern mental behaviors. Drawbacks of Community Service. The negative aspect of these services is that many times there are unattainable requirements that may not be applicable or appropriate for the new refugees. For example, some agencies require proper identification in order for them to receive assistance, however, at the arrival into the host country, the border retains the refugee documentation that will be given at the end of the refugee claimant process. Therefore, this will delay the time to obtain proper identification from the host country. As a result, it will stop the agency to provide the correct assistance to the refugee in their time of need. Another drawback is that instead of the refugee to be empowered to develop the skills needed to adapt, they may become dependable on the assistance of community service of the host country. For example, a refugee might depend on monetary assistance and not search for employment or education that eventually would lead to self-sufficiency. Improvements of Community Service. One of the improvements of the community services is to not blame the refugees for not integrating into the host country culture, such as not speaking the language fast enough, having low levels of education, or not being self-sufficient. The community should be more understanding about the refugee’s traumatic stress that may make the learning process longer and foremost, the refugees need to be mentally stable before integrating and learning can begin. The community should implement more educational programs into the host community about the culture and experiences of refugees so that they may help the refugee to integrate and adapt into the new culture. Also, the community services should be able to create more programs that speak the language of the refugee because this will help them to understand the programs in order for them to advance in the growing process. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has provided a better knowledge of who a refugee is, why they seek protection, the challenges that refugees face upon the arrival into the host country, the approaches and services to address these challenges and finally the critiques of these services and what is needed to improve them. The purpose of this paper is for the host community to be more aware of the issues that a refugee goes through, in order for them to better understand and assist the refugees to become part of the culture and help them grow as human beings, in the midst of the process of healing from their past trauma. The question is whether the host country and its citizens will be willing to make the changes and efforts required to improve the process of refugee claimants around the world.