New Orleans By Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur De Bienville...

New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville. Forty-five years later, in 1763, France signed treaties ceding Louisiana to Spain to whom it remained for the next forty years. Due to Mexican, Cuban and Spanish influence, the race rules in New Orleans were more liberal, allowing for a class of free people of color. In 1803 Louisiana was sold back to the French, who then twenty days later sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. New Orleans had become the largest city in the Confederacy by the start of the Civil War in 1861. New Orleans culture is a melting pot of Spanish, French, Mexican, Native American, and African descent. Creole is a term that refers to mixed-race natives of Louisiana. Many creoles were free and their ancestors often had the same rights as white people. They often received formal education and owned property and slaves. Creole culture was catholic and French-speaking as opposed to the Protestant and English-speaking whole of America. This amalgamation of cultures created a safe haven for personal expression, and caused the development and evolution of the culture and Jazz music. In 1724, Code Nior was implemented which gave slaves Sundays and holidays off. On their days off, slaves gathered any place they could find such as levees, backyards, and remote areas. In 1817, the mayor of New Orleans issued an ordinance which restricted slaves’ congregation to an area called Congo Square. On Sunday afternoons, menShow MoreRelatedTracing the Origins of Mardi Gras633 Words   |  3 PagesFrench-Canadian explorer Jean Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur de Bienville arrived at a plot of ground 60 miles directly south of New Orleans, and named it Pointe du Mardi Gras when his men realized it was the eve of the festive holiday. Bienville also established Fort Louis de la Louisiane (which is now Mobile) in 1702. In 1703, the tiny settlement of Fort Louis de la Mobile celebrated Americas very first Mardi Gras. In 1704, Mobile established a secret society (Masque de la Mobile), similar to thoseRead MoreA Brief History of New Orleans553 Words   |  2 Pages Introduction New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 in the 2010 U.S. Census. New Orleans was part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. It has been hit by Hurricane Katrina, and survived the worst of it all. They have had a gigantic parade called MARDI GRAS every year. Background information New Orleans People Normally when tourists or first-timeRead More Les Gens De Couleur Libres, The Free People of Color in New Orleans1274 Words   |  6 Pagesexist and racism wasn’t just a part of life, but what life was all about. New Orleans New Orleans is a city in southern Louisiana, located on the Mississippi River. Most of the city is situated on the east bank, between the river and Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Because it was built on a great turn of the river, it is known as the Crescent City. New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville, and named for the regent of France, Philippe II, duc dOrleans. It remained

Is The Phone Rings It - 992 Words

The phone rings—it is Miss Emma calling me with an update about one of my households. She tells me that my client, Jane, has called her in tears because her Supplemental Assistance for Needy Families application was denied once again. My 94-year old client cannot afford to purchase her basic necessities, like food, and without any assistance, finds herself in a desperate situation. Now my work begins. As an intern in the NeighborhoodHELP program, I link families to resources, provide support, and assist them in every possible way so that they can live up to their full potential. I balance a caseload of approximately thirty-four households and work in an interdisciplinary team that gives clients access to healthcare, lawyers, counseling, and education. Working with various populations through this internship has exposed me to a diverse amount of individuals and cultures that each have a vast amount of needs. My goal in the profession of social work will be to not only aid famil ies and communities with local issues, but also with larger issues of human diversity that directly affect them; for example, advocating for or against policies that may affect entire populations in one swift motion. Having the opportunity to help others who have different needs, come from diverse walks of life, and have different things to offer fuels my passion for social work and has undeniably influenced the development of my interest in social work. Communities may also struggle as a wholeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cell Phone Rings On Academic Performance Essay808 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand how to use their mental resources to help them learn, and to relieve some of the consequences of attention. Study 1: Costly Cell Phones: The Impact of Cell Phone Rings on Academic Performance End et al hypothesized that, â€Å"a cell phone ring originating from inside a classroom would impair participants’ performance on a recognition task and that a cell phone ring would decrease the probability that participants record critical lecture material in their notes.† (End et al. 55). They conducted anRead MoreTexting And Driving : The Phone Rings And A Man Answers969 Words   |  4 PagesTexting and Driving The phone rings and a man answers. It took him five seconds to look down and see who is texting or calling him, and in those five seconds he drove over four football fields worth of road without looking. People do this all the time and not even think about what they are doing. It is just a natural reaction that our generation has become used to since phones run our lives. A phone rings and bang someone is right there to answer and respond to whatever is needed. This then continuesRead MoreThe Ring Of The Phone Momentarily Halted The Ever Present Tears786 Words   |  4 PagesThe ring of the phone momentarily halted the ever present tears. â€Å"Hello,† I said softly, â€Å"Oh, hi.† It had been at least a year since I had last spoken with my father and I didn’t quite know what to say. Trying to keep the crack out of my voice I told him of the impending divorce. â€Å"I love you,† he said. â€Å"I never knew,† I replied. I could hear the tears falling compassionately on the other end of the phone. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said. â€Å"I didn’t mean to hurt you. I just never knew you loved me.† TearsRead MoreIn today’s society we have all become attached to our cell phones. When someone’s phone rings they1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society we have all become attached to our cell phones. When someone’s phone rings they automatically just jump to answer it, whether it be by texting, answering a phone call, sending an e-mail, or even responding to social networks but as long as they are just sitting in a doctor’s office, at a restaurant, or at a park lives are not endangered. Now the scary thing is cell phones have become a huge part of our lives that people are willing to do all these things while driving. How scaryRead MoreDigital Jewellery1509 Words   |  7 Pagesvoice communication. This paper enlightens on how various computerized jewelry (like ear- rings, necklace, ring, bracelet, etc.,) will work with mobile embedded intelligence. Even the devices we use are protected by passwords. It can be frustrating trying to keep with all of the passwords and keys needed to access any door or computer program. This paper discusses about a new Java-based, computerized ring that will automatically unlock doors and log on to computers. 1. INTRODUCTION The latestRead MoreStudents Should Not Be Allowed to Bring Mobile Phones to School598 Words   |  3 PagesIn recent times, the number of people owning mobile phones has increased dramatically. Now mobile phones are not just for calling, but you can now text, take and send pictures, record videos, access the internet, play games and much more. The variety of functions has increased dramatically. They have also become a lot cheaper. Thus more and more young people now own a mobile. So should they be allowed to bring them to school? Mobile phones can cause a distraction in education. They can disturbRead More Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, can be foundRead MoreComparing and Contrasting quot;The Ringquot; and quot;Ringuquot;876 Words   |  4 Pages There are two main differences between the movies, The Ring, and Ringu that make them stand apart from eachother. The Ring was more believable and seemed to me to be more of a horror movie, than Ringu. Because of these points, I heavily favored The Ring. There were many things in the plot and even in the actors themselves that made Ringu seem less believable as a story, and as equally less believable as a horror movie. First, the psychic storyline in Ringu seemed farfetched and rather ridiculousRead MoreCellphones : Boon or Bane1516 Words   |  7 PagesCELL PHONE : BOON OR BANE From the invention of fire to the world of digital, man has forced his scientific advance. In this fast moving generation computers are considered to be the greatest gift of science. Cellphones are modified forms of computers which are utilized mainly for communication that have rapidly spread throughout the world in less than 20 years. Even calculation of numerical values, storing of data and retrieval of data are possible in cellphones. According to the survey nearlyRead MoreMaterialism in America Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesBeep. Beep. Beep. Cars, clothes, cell phones. Buzz. Buzz. Buzz. Facebook, Twitter, MySpace. Ring. Ring. Ring. American Eagle, Pink!, Miss Me. Beep. Beep. Beep. Need the new IPhone, need the new IPad, need new clothes. Buzz. Buzz. Buzz. Need to go shopping, need to check Facebook, need to play video games. Ring. Ring. Ring. Stay up until two in the morning on the computer, shop all day, played on phone for hours. Beep. Beep. Beep. Buzz. Buzz. Buzz. Ring. Rin g. Ring. â€Å"Debit or Credit?† â€Å"Would you like

Remittances and Economic Growth †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Remittances and Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction Craft beer has potential market all across the globe specifically in few nations such as the United States of America, Brazil, Canada and Australia etc. Craft brewers are mainly responsible for large market expansion of Craft beers. They are independent and have traditional style of making raft beers. They understand the needs of local consumers, which is why they are different to large brewers. Interestingly, many large brewers are in hunt to acquire small Craft brewers to redefine their position in the market. They have shown such interest because the demand for craft beers is high in international market. The American Craft brewers interestingly do not wish to export the beers to the international locations because they know that they would not be able fulfil the high demands for Craft beers. It is beyond their capability to meet with the demands (Murray and O'Neill 2012). This particular assignment is on a small company Cheers based in Australia. Five business graduates of the Southern Cross University started a small business in Australia after identifying the potentiality for the concept in the country. They fetched up good success as well. However, they have been tested in recent times as the profitability of the business has been reduced considerably. They felt that it is better to switch some other potential countries such as India and Brazil, so that, they could become global and enhance the profitability of their business. The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse the best possible selection for the Craft beer for the Cheers Company. In doing so, this assignment would first analyse the probable risks and opportunities in the target countries. Then it would recommend the best entry mode for the company. Analysis of risk and opportunities The expansion of the business in Brazil and India might bring some risks as well along with the probable opportunities in both the countries. The following section would cover the study on the risks and opportunities that might be available for the company in the two selected locations India and Brazil. Culturally, Brazilians are very sound lover of beers. They learning to drink and understand the beer. They do not just drink it but they want to taste this with their different dish. Microbrewers have created such scenario in the country, which has also forced large brewers to think on their beer making philosophy. In the last two decades, Brazilians have developed themselves not only as a drinker but as a learner as well. The availability of Craft beer is limited, which has also produced an enormous prospect for the product in Brazil. Furthermore, they are learning to understand what they drink, which is another positive aspect that might produce a potential market for the Craft beers. One of the catchiest things about the Brazilians is they use traditional way of manufacturing the Craft beers. It is expensive to have some necessary imported ingredients required while manufacturing the Craft beers. It gives lot of place to accommodate and operate locally. Additionally, Brazilians ar e fond of beers, which they also reflect through beer festivals. Through this festival, they show their cultural addiction with the beers. They also have a significant Craft beer festival held in Blumenau on yearly basis (Piacentini et al. 2017). The legal proceedings have also now become favourable for Craft beers in Brazil. This can be easily understood from the fact that using alcohol while during a football match as banned in Brazil. The ban had been lifted in the year 2012 by the local government of Brazil, which means that they have seen some prospects in the beer business. Nevertheless, it is a potential business in many countries, which is hugely influencing the economy of that particular country. This change just shows that this might be an approach towards economic betterment. The ban was imposed after witnessing some cases of violence during the world cup matches. It was just a move to put some limitation on such activities. However, with the effect of FIFA, the local government of the country had lifted such a prolonged ban over the use of alcohol while during the football matches. According to FIFA, world cup without beer is unimaginable. Brazilians have high passion for Football matches, which is why the lifting of ban would open up a huge space to numerous beer manufacturers (Caetano, Pinsky and Laranjeira 2012). The local government regulations have been in an unregulated form, which can be challenging for a new business in this country. Brazil is the third largest market in the world for beer. This simply tells the fact that beer is highly consumed in Brazil. However, it is also interesting to analyse why the local government of Brazil is so strict with the consumption of beer. Some of the reasons have forced the local government to thing that way. Those reasons are rising accident cases because of drunk drivers, increased consumers aggressiveness etc. This is because of such reason the local government of Brazil has always tried to discourage the consumption of beer in the country. They have done so by imposing high taxes on the products and restricting the advertisement of beer. Interestingly, this had occurred with a country, which is one of the largest markets for advertising campaigns (Laranjeira and Mitsuhiro 2012). Financial/currency risks Politics is a threat for potential investment in this country. Despite the facts that it is largest exporter of orange juice, coffee, iron ore, sugar, beef and second largest exporter of soybean, the country has become a challenging place for a potential investment. The dirty politics in the country has hampered the investments in big numbers. According to a survey, the Brazilian governments debt is set to increase, which would produce an uncontrollable situation for the government. In such situation, the Brazil government would leave with very few options to recover from the debts. One of such solutions would be to impose a high tax on business and goods. This means the investments in such circumstances might hamper the gross profitability. Nevertheless, this would be a point of concern for a new foreign business in the country (Forbes.com 2017). Brazil is one of the biggest markets for beer. They are the third largest markets for beer in the entire world. People living in the country are passionate about beer, which they also show in few beer related cultural festivals in the country. The passion for beer in the country and the lifting of bans on beer consumption has collectively produced a supportive environment for a new beer venture in the country (Cabras, Higgins and Preece 2016). Economic growth Real GDP has declined in comparison to 2013 status; however, the inflation has reduced, which would provide a better platform to recover the investment. Trade barriers are still very high; however, some modifications in the government rules might welcome a significant growth for the future business. They are also giving efforts to reduce the strictness of the administrative power. They are also making huge investments in improving the infrastructure, which is a good sign for the foreign investors. Additionally, they are trying to develop the country as a more open economy (Oecd.org 2017). Culturally, Indians are now getting used to beer consumption. They are now learning the ways to understand the different taste of beers. One thing is very interesting in this country, which is a creative bonding between the beer companies and the home brewers. This is such a collaboration, which the local brewers have never imagined. This would provide an exploring capability to the Craft brewers. People living in bigger cities in India have now put demand on different taste of beer. They are ready to taste the different taste, which is a very good sign for someone that has unique range of Craft beer flavours. Culturally, the country has opened up its arms for the Craft beers (thehindu.com 2017). Legally, India is one of the most unfavourable countries in the world. Some places have permission for allowing the consumption of beers while some do not. The same issue persist even with the metropolitan cities. A weird state government rule has made such thing to happen in this country. Literally, the local government of the country has no open thoughts on the consumption of beers. Most people still have beliefs that it should never be consumed. This is one of such reasons, which has restricted the openness of the local government (Roever 2016). The government policies in India can be divided into two sections such as central policies and state policies. State politics have interestingly high control on every proceeding in the state areas. One of such examples is of a ban, which was imposed on the alcohol consumption in one of its state Bihar. The entire activity does support a fact that central government of India do not have a direct control on things, which have been initiated by the state government. However, the central government of India literally support such businesses, which are potential options for an improved economy (Grant 2013). Finance/currency related One of the challenging issues is the imposing of high taxes on beer and other alcoholic items, which makes this much costlier than most other parts of world. Currency hit the lowest ever mark in the year 2013 when it reached a record low. The value of one dollar then reached to the lowest ever of 68.865. The risk of currency is of minimal degree, which is good for the investors (Raj 2014). It is still an expanding market for beer. People have thronged to the concept. The Millennials have comparatively higher addiction to the beer. They search for reason to have a mini party, which would include beer as a compulsory thing. Foreign investors would find large areas to accommodate as it is still under developing zones. India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In GDP growth, it is the worlds sixth largest country. On the other hand, in purchasing power parity (PPP), it is the worlds third largest country. The growing economy of the country has already attracted many giants such as Walmart. The forecast has been even brighter for the country as it has been assumed that by the end of 2050 both China and India would become bigger economic power. Exchange behaviour in the country is quite stable. The inflation rate in India is on a low side, which is good for the investors to regain their investments. An increased capital in banks is another good sign for the investors, as this would help them get debts. Foreign investors can recover their investment at a comparatively easier rate (Siddique, Selvanathan and Selvanathan 2012). Trade between India and Australia A free trade act (FTA) is already in progress in between India and Australia. Australian government has shown their interest in having a free trade relationship with India. The rising potentiality of the country has attracted many countries. Australia is not any different country (Williams 2013). Politically Brazil would be most feasible as India is politically very unstable. Additionally, Craft brewing is still a growing concept for the country, which means it has no established rules policies of the local government in support of the business. One of the best examples is of Bihar where alcoholism has been recently banned. Investment recovery is in the favour of India. However, the recent GST imposed on alcoholic products might not encourage people for Craft beers. Despite the second largest population in the world, people in this country would majorly prefer to stick with the taste they had with the existing range of beers (Majaro 2013). Recommended entry mode For medium sized companies as such of Cheers, it is highly recommended that it work with the local distributors in the country. Partnership working in Brazil is of high values to the success. There are ample of benefits of working in collaboration of local distributors. They are an intermediary link between the manufacturers and the end user. Nevertheless, they have better understanding of the changing customers behaviour, which is very important for the manufacturers as they would be able to respond in real time. This is also very necessary for raising the customer service standard. Following are some advantages that a collaborative work with distributors can produce (Gupta and Singh 2015): The primary function of a distributor is to reach the product to the right hand. This is extremely important for Cheers, as their hired distributors would help them reach to their target market. They can easily help in promoting the products by sending it to the targeted retailers They can also provide customer service support to the customers. Some distributors do also opt to have customer service facility where they provide customers the line of contact to solve their query. It depends entirely on the company whether it want to keep the customer service support with it or it allows the distributors for the same. One of the most effective works, which the distributors do, is the market research. They can have data on market behaviour even more than the company can. They are closer to the customers. Their market research is helpful for the company. Some distributors do also finance for attracting the customers. Those who are financially stronger can even pay for customers for offering them attractive rates for the products. This is another important move, which would potentially improve the sales performance. Moreover, this is very necessary for a new venture that it mints huge sales. Interestingly, distributors are connective links between the customers and the companies. Manufacturers need some accurate data on the customers behaviour. This is because it helps to understand the actual requirement of the target customer. This reduces the flaws in manufacturing and helps to enhance the customer service standard. An enhanced customer service is a valuable asset for the manufacturers. This helps in gaining good revenues, which is necessary for a business in new market. Conclusion Craft beer is a potential option to start with. Brazil on the other hand is a potential place for the Craft business. The cultural awareness of Brazilians for beer would be an advantageous option for the Cheers Company. Brazil is one of the emerging economies in the world, which means it would provide a powerful purchasing capability to its people. The local government rules and policies have also become favourable to some extent. Keeping apart the little negativity such as the trade barriers, Brazil would be the potential market for the Cheers Company. References Cabras, I., Higgins, D., Preece, D. (Eds.). 2016.Brewing, Beer and Pubs: A global perspective. Springer. Caetano, R., Pinsky, I., Laranjeira, R. 2012. Should soccer and alcohol mix? Alcohol sales during the 2014 World Soccer Cup games in Brazil.Addiction,107(10), 1722-1723. Forbes.com. 2017.Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/03/25/what-investors-think-about-brazil-political-currency-risk/#64812cec75e7 [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Grant, M. (Ed.). 2013.Alcohol and emerging markets: Patterns, problems, and responses. Routledge. Gupta, T., Singh, V. 2015. Fuzzy graph theoretic approach to compare the factors affecting the service quality of distributors.International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,10(78), 182-186. Laranjeira, R., Mitsuhiro, S. S. 2012. Addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity. National institute on alcohol and drugs policies, Brazil.Addiction,107(4), 727-732. Majaro, S. 2013.International Marketing (RLE International Business): A Strategic Approach to World Markets. Routledge. Murray, D. W., O'Neill, M. A. 2012. Craft beer: Penetrating a niche market.British Food Journal,114(7), 899-909. Oecd.org. 2017.Brazil - Economic forecast summary (June 2017) - OECD. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/brazil-economic-forecast-summary.htm [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Piacentini, K. C., Rocha, L. O., Fontes, L. C., Carnielli, L., Reis, T. A., Corra, B. 2017. Mycotoxin analysis of industrial beers from Brazil: The influence of fumonisin B 1 and deoxynivalenol in beer quality.Food chemistry,218, 64-69. Raj, M. 2014. Rupee Depreciation: Its Causes and Cure. Roever, S. 2016. Informal trade meets informal governance: Street vendors and legal reform in India, South Africa, and Peru.Cityscape,18(1), 27. Siddique, A., Selvanathan, E. A., Selvanathan, S. 2012. Remittances and economic growth: empirical evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka.Journal of development studies,48(8), 1045-1062. thehindu.com 2017. [online] thehindu.com. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Brewing-Indian-flavours/article14014051.ece [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Williams, B. R. 2013. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) countries: comparative trade and economic analysis.

Public Health v.s Individual Liberty Essay Example

Public Health v.s Individual Liberty Paper In Typhoid Mary, Mary Mallon is isolated on North Brother Island from 1907 to 1910 and again from 1915 until she dies in 1938. Mary Mallon is striped of her civil liberties and is unwillingly quarantined to preserve public health. This brings about an interesting issue, an issue that is just as important today with regard to AIDS as it was nearly a century ago with typhoid. Many have suggested, then and now, that if an individual endangers the public health of the community that that person’s liberties should become secondary to the safety of the community. However, people that contract diseases are unwilling victims of it and they too are members of the community. There must be a balance. While protecting the larger community, the individual must too be protected. One’s individual liberties should not be denied in order to protect public health. When facing a public health concern like a contagious disease, isolating people with the disease does not guarantee its elimination but it does rob these people of their freedoms. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health v.s Individual Liberty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health v.s Individual Liberty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health v.s Individual Liberty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The purpose of this essay is to suggest that protecting an individual’s liberties is just as important as protecting public health and that isolation should not be used as a method of preventing the spread of disease. Using two prime examples we will look at how isolation violates civil liberties. The first example is of Mary Mallon’s isolation. This example illustrates that a well-informed, cooperative carrier, can be a far more useful tool than isolation. The second example is of Cuba’s national HIV/AIDS containment program. From this example one can see the negative impact that isolation has on the stricken and the community and that isolation, as a means of preventing the spread of disease ultimately does not work. Mary Mallon arrives in the United States in 1896 at the age of fifteen. Although she is poorly educated and unskilled, Mallon is bright and spirited. She moves from job to job, always seeking to improve her life. After discovering her aptitude in preparing food she becomes a cook. In the summer of 1906, a wealthy banker by the name of Charles Henry Warren rented a large house in Oyster Bay, Long Island as a vacation home for himself and his family. He employs maids, gardeners, and a cook to provide the services at his new home. On the fourth of August, he hires Mary Mallon as the family cook. On the twenty-seventh of August, the household is stricken with typhoid fever. The owner of the house, George Thompson, fearful that he will be unable to rent the house ever again, becomes determined to learn the source of the disease. Thus, he hires George Soper, a sanitary engineer, to conduct an investigation. At first, Soper thought soft clams might have been the initial agent. He later, shifts his attention to household members, and finally to the cook. When he learns that Mary Mallon is only hired shortly before the beginning of the illnesses, he becomes convinced that she is a healthy carrier of typhoid fever. He tracks Mary Mallon to her new place of employment. He approaches her with all the finesse of a bull in a china shop. He tells her she is spreading disease through the food she cooks and demands that she provides him with stool, urine and blood samples. Mary attacks Soper with a meat fork and he is forced to retreat without any samples. Mary Mallon refuses to believe that she is spreading the infectious disease, typhoid fever. She declares that she has never had typhoid in her life. Soper is equally adamant in proving his theory. To do so, he reconstructs Mallon’s work history. He finds that in the previous ten years, Mallon had worked as a cook for eight different families. Of the eight, seven families had experienced typhoid outbreaks. He also finds that a total number of twenty-two people have taken ill and one has died. Soper’s data persuades the New York City Health Inspector that Mary Mallon is indeed a carrier of the disease. In March of 1907, she is carried off, kicking and screaming, to a hospital for testing. Her feces show high concentrations of typhoid bacilli and she is sent to an isolation cottage on the grounds of Riverside Hospital, located on a small island near Riker’s Island. There she remains for three years. This is when Mary Mallon becomes known as Typhoid Mary. After three years, Mary is released with the proviso that she will stay in touch with the health department and that she not work as a cook. For a time, she complies with the requirements. She works in a laundry; however, this job does not sustain her in wages or in satisfaction. Therefore she changes her name to Mrs. Brown and returns to cooking. For three months, she cooks at Sloane Maternity hospital in Manhattan. During her time there, at least dozens of doctors, nurses, staff, and even children contacted typhoid Fever. Two of the victims die. Mary Mallon is unmasked as Typhoid Mary. She is again sent to North Border Island where she lives for twenty-three years until she dies. Mary Mallon’s isolation is a prime example of how public health policies can be discriminatory and unfairly applied. Mary Mallon is not the only known carrier of typhoid, yet she is the only one to be robbed of her civil liberties because she is a healthy carrier. When she dies, in 1938, a newspaper notes that there are 237 other healthy carriers under observation by the health department. Mary Mallon is, however, the only person to be forced to live in isolation. Mary Mallon’s story, although very tragic, can be an extremely useful asset in the United States’ efforts to create a health care system that is in no way discriminatory. It is exemplary of the kinds of pitfalls that the United States should avoid. One can see from Typhoid Mary that there is a great need for fairness in the health care system. For example, if Mary Mallon felt health system was fair and non-discriminatory she would have had more confidence in the system. Thus, she would have been more likely to cooperate. There is also a need for better education on how diseases are spread. If Mary Mallon had been better educated on how to prevent the spread of the infectious disease, the combination of her willingness to cooperate with her knowledge of how to protect others from infection would have meant that both her rights and liberties would have been protected as well as the public’s health. Education is a far more powerful tool in preventing the spread of infectious diseases than isolation ever could be. However, the health system must first become fair, non-discriminatory, and trustworthy, and all citizens, especially those stricken with disease, must perceive it as such. This will lead more and more people to trust in the public health system. This trust then allows the system to effectively educate more people that carry a disease, so they can refrain from activities that put others at risk. Johan Giesecke, an infectious disease specialist, believes that â€Å"strong public confidence in a benevolent and non-discriminatory state and health care system is more valuable than repressive legislation† (Leavitt; 245). In the end, everyone benefits from this method of prevention. This method prevents the spread of disease better than isolation ever will. At the same time the rights and liberties of the infected are being protected along with the health of the community. In thinking about how far the government might take disease control, isolation emerges as a frightening possibility. Nevertheless, some states have actually considered quarantining people with HIV/AIDS. One can argue that this kind of action goes against democracy, against the Constitution, and against the very foundation the United States is built on. Clearly, isolating people deprives individuals of their god giving rights as human beings and as Americans. Isolation robs these individuals of cherished values like: liberty, privacy, freedom of speech, and freedom of choice. Cuba is another prime example of why the United States should not use isolation as a public health preservation tactic. In 1986 Cuba initiated a national program to contain AIDS. This program includes: systematic screenings, isolating of all HIV-positive people in sanitariums, and requiring all HIV-positive pregnant women to abort their babies. Cuba found initial success in containing AIDS due to this plan along with other determining factors. Drug use, which is a major means of HIV transmission, has been rigorously reduced in Cuba. Cuba also upholds a severely strict sexual conduct code. It also benefits from its position in the hemisphere; because of its economic isolation it is relatively underexposed to the disease. One can state that isolation of HIV-positive people has contributed greatly to the initial success of Cuba keeping the disease at bay, but this success comes at the expense of Cuban citizens. Citizens comply with the program not of their own free will. This program does more harm than good. It forces HIV-positive people to live away from their friends and family in sanitariums and deprives them of their civil liberties. These sanitariums seem to be nothing more than prisons. The people who are forced to live there are called â€Å"inmates† and they are kept in with walls and barbed wire. Some of these inmates have compared these sanitariums to concentration camps. The program also robs HIV-positive women of the right to choose because they must abort their babies, whether they want to or not. Also, the systematic screenings are an invasion of privacy. What makes the situation worse is that these people are striped of their liberties and isolated in vain. Recent studies show that the program has not been effective in stopping the epidemic. Instead, it leads people to believe that all the HIV/AIDS-positive people are isolated and they gain a false sense of security, which results in a reverse effect. Due to this sense of security they engage in unprotected sex and thus continue to spread the infection. The United States has two courses of action that it can take. The first is to legally decide to follow the lead of the Cuban government. Therefore, placing the individual rights and liberties of the sick at a secondary level, while deciding that the protection of the public health is a far greater national priority. Such changes would move the country in a direction opposite of the democracy all Americans love and believe in. This would foster discrimination of those that have a disease, like HIV, at state, community, and health care levels. Amilca Palmer, a journalist that did a study on Cuba’ sanitariums, writes, â€Å"It is a telling sign that Cuba is not an utopian socialist world where everyones needs are met, but one where the individual is erased, especially that individual who cant conform to the social norm† (Palmer; http://www. stg. brown. edu). This is certainly not the direction in which the United States should follow. Instead, the United States should look to other options, options that uphold democracy not dictatorship. The second choice it can consider is to make civil rights and liberties an equally dominant national priority as public health. Therefore, establishing policies of fair non-discriminatory health care. This kind of policy will earn the confidence of all American citizens, sick and well alike, and provide them legitimate, long-term protection that is accommodating. Such changes would move the country in a direction that fosters our value system of individual rights and liberties, while emphasizing the importance of public health. In conclusion, Typhoid Mary written nearly a century ago brings up an important issue, an issue that affects many people still today. Mary Mallon’s story teaches people that there must be fairness in public health policies, and that these policies must avoid discrimination and abuse of individuals who carry a disease. Many people believe that when deciding between an individual’s rights and the health of a community, the community’s safety becomes paramount and the individual’s liberties become simply secondary. Thus, isolation is not considered as a violation of one’s rights but as a right of the community to be protected from these carriers. However, it is imperative that one keeps in mind that the stricken are members of the community too and their rights are just as important. Isolation does not eliminate the spread of disease. In some ways it may actually help facilitate the spread of disease. Yet, some states in the U. S. are considering using isolation to lessen then spread of HIV/AIDS in the country. One can argue that isolation goes against democracy, against the Constitution, and against the very foundation the United States is built on. Bibliography : http://www. lihistory. com/7/hs702a. htm http://history1900s. about. com/library/weekly/aa062900a. htm http://www. stg. brown. edu/projects/projects. old/classes/mc166k/summarie/indys. html http://www. cubasolidarity. net/cubahol2. html Leavitt, Judith Walzer. Typhoid Mary. Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1996.